![]() ![]() ![]() In theory, pulmonary delivery improves therapeutic bioavailability while reducing potential side effects by achieving a more rapid onset of action however, inhalation also poses inherent challenges, particularly for systemic applications, restricting its use at this point in time to respiratory diseases. 11, 12 provides prima facie evidence for the magnitude of an unmet public health need in the setting of a global pandemic. 1- 6 More recently, inhalation-based vaccination platforms have gained particular attention for effective field use and protection against airborne pathogens such as tuberculosis, 7 influenza, 8 Ebola virus, 9 and measles 10 indeed, the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) refs. 1 Low molecular weight drugs, peptides, or proteins such as insulin, small viruses, and even immunogens are among suitable candidates for inhaled agent administration. The thin and highly permeable alveolar region of the lung, comprised of alveolar epithelial type-1 (AT1) and type-2 (AT2) cells, and the associated microvascular endothelium, generally defines the selective permeability of molecules allowed to cross into the bloodstream. The lung surface area varies by measurement techniques and degree of inflation and estimates may fluctuate from 70 to 130 square meters in an inflated lung. Inhalation-based vaccination to achieve rapid immunization, particularly in developing countries and disaster areas, is needle-free and, unlike the oral route, not subject to undesirable first-pass metabolism. ![]()
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